As one of the world's most valuable fish, Tuna can either be found in inexpensive tins on grocery store shelves or on high-end auction blocks destined for Japanese sashimi and sushi restaurants. Moreover, Thailand is reported to be the world's largest exporter of prepared or preserved tuna, which in 2019 contributed an estimated $2.5 billion to Thailand's exports. However, brand research is very limited for canned tuna, especially when it comes to product packaging cues, and how packaging affects a consumer's decision-making process. Therefore, this study set out to investigate which factors play the greatest role in a Thai consumer's brand loyalty (BL) for tuna fish canned products. Research teams using systematic random sampling were dispatched to five supermarkets within the Bangkok metropolitan area and collected 400 questionnaires answering items related to brand attitudes (BA), brand quality (BQ), and brand value (BV) as they related to canned tuna brand loyalty (BL). Thereafter, data analysis of the four constructs and 13 observed variables was conducted with use of LISREL 9.1, which included a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), a goodness-of-fit (GOF) analysis along with the study's structural equation modeling (SEM). Results determined that there was a positive effect (73% R2) between all the causal factors on Thai canned tuna BL. Furthermore, the factors affecting BL ranked from the greatest to the lowest were BA, BQ, and BV with total effect (TE) values of 0.85, 0.33, and 0.19, respectively. Key takeaways from the study's research seem to indicate that canned tuna is viewed by most consumers as a 'commodity', with product availability and convenience being of the utmost importance in product brand selection. Global fishing stocks sustainability, labor costs/practices, and dolphin free catches within the tuna industry were also determined to be important aspects within the international consumer community. Also, due to the demand for high-quality and safe tuna products, adding value has become increasingly important in satisfying consumer demands and represents an opportunity for marketplace expansion.
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We estimated one additional model employing Sex, Age, and two indicators of each work latent: y 2 and y 3 for Work Content, y 5 and y 6 for Work Context, and y 9 and y 10 for Work Environment. This model also fails to match the covariance data (χ 2 = 132.9 with 12 degrees of freedom and p=.0000) and displays the same scattered pattern of residual ill covariance fit, and numerous substantial modification indices connecting Sex, Age, and the work latents (via cross-loadings) to the work indicators. This instructs us that even pairs of indicators can sometimes detect problematic configural models, and implicitly instructs us that appropriate causal model specifications for these particular data may require some single-indicated work latents [25]. The diagnostics in the paired-indicators model became more focused than the diagnostics for the models having multiple indicators, and highlighted specific theoretical/methodological issues and options. This suggests it may be useful to begin measurement invariance testing with a configural model containing the few best indicators, rather than beginning with multiple indicators.
Methods: Our study adopted a 2-wave follow-up design. We surveyed 358 registered nurses in operating rooms in a large-scale medical center in Taiwan. The first-wave data were collected from October to November 2019. The second-wave data were collected from December 2019 to February 2020. In total, 344 nurses participated in the first wave. We used telephone to follow up with them and successfully followed-up with 331 nurses in the second wave.
The IPSBQ can be used by researchers and practitioners working in areas of healthcare improvement, implementation, and patient safety. Further research should be undertaken to fully understand the uses and limitations of the measure, but initial results suggest that it demonstrates reliable and valid properties for assessing the psychosocial factors affecting practitioner behavior change. These findings provide sufficient support to suggest that this measure can be used to identify barriers to behavior change among healthcare staff; the next stage should be to discover if this measure can be used as a tool for informing the development of theoretically informed tailored interventions. It is recommended that the IPSBQ be used in future research to understand whether targeting key domains with matched interventions can change practitioner behaviors for patient safety.
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